Silicon Wafer Properties
What Silicon Wafer Properties Do You Need?
Conducting research or need wafers for productions? UniversityWafer, Inc. can you help you find the right silicon or other substrate spec in the quantity that you want!
Get your Quote FAST!
Here at UniversityWafer, Inc. we provide unique tech support to help researchers find the exact wafer properties needed to successfully conduct their research.
Atomic number 14 is the most common semiconductor. It's energy gap Eg= 1.12 eV- indirect bandgap; crystal structure- diamond, lattice constant 0.543 nm, atomic concentration 5 x 1022 atoms/cm-3, index of refraction 3.42, density 2.33 g/cm3, dielectric constant 11.7, intrinsic carrier concentration 1.02 x 1010 cm-3, mobility of electrons and holes at 300°K: 1450 and 500 cm2/V-s, thermal conductivity 1.31 W/cm°C, thermal expansion coefficient 2.6 x 10-6°C-1, melting point 1414°C; excellent mechanical properties (MEMS applications); single crystal Si can be processed into wafers up to 300mm in diameter.
P type= Always Boron (B) Doped
N type= Dopant typically as follows:
Res: .001-.005 Arsenic (As)
Res: .005-.025 Antimony (Sb)
Res: >.1 Phosphorous (P)
Why are Wafer Flats used?
Any plant can make wafers with any flat cut out of them that they want. A silicon wafer flat's purpose is to help the end user see the dopant type and orientation of the wafer. This function helps avoid mistakes when using the wafer in equipment
Orientation of wafer before entering semiconductore equipment.
Indicate type and orientation of silicon crystal
Primary Flat = When a wafer has more than one flat then the longest flat will specify the silicon wafer's crystal orientation relative to the wafer surface. This primary flat is also called a major flat. Some wafers are made with just one flat for many reasons.
Secondary Flat defines the silicon wafer's crystal orientation and wafers doping whether it be undoped (nominally n-type), boron doped or arsenic doped and antimony doped. The secondary flat location varies. Below is an example of the flat position.
P type <111> No secondary Flat
P type <100> 90°±5° Clockwise from Primary Flat
N type <111> 45°±5° Clockwise from Primary Flat
N type <100> 180°±5° Clockwise from Primary Flat
Wafer Notches can be found on silicon wafer diameter greater than 150mm and are standard on 300mm.
Visit https://ams.semi.org for more info.
How to Evaluate Silicon Wafer Properties
There are several important parameters to consider when evaluating the properties of a silicon wafer. These
properties include thickness and volume resistivity. The thickness of a wafer refers to the normal distance through it. The volume resistivity of a semiconductor is defined as the resistance to electrical current perpendicular to the two parallel faces of the wafer. The volume resistivity of a semiconductor depends on its density of current and its orientation.
The temperature of a silicon wafer is dependent on the type of silicon crystal it is made of. A single crystal will behave as pure crystalline material, while a P-type wafer will have a higher concentration of holes than electrons. The wafer's orientation can influence its electronic properties and the depth of ions implanted in it. Ideally, the wafer should be sliced along a cleavage plane.
The temperature of a silicon wafer is a critical factor in its physical and mechanical properties. During the heating and cooling process, the surface of a Si wafer is hotter than the interior. The differences in temperature lead to different stresses in different areas of the specimen. These stresses cannot be controlled, but there are a few tricks to reduce them. One typical trick is to move the silicon slowly into the oven while lowering the temperature of the equipment before the Si is in it.
The resistivity of a silicon wafer is a key factor in the electrical properties of a semiconductor. The difference between an intrinsic and a P-type wafer will depend on the doping level of the silicon crystal. The higher the doping level, the lower the resistivity. The thickness of the silicon wafer will determine its mechanical properties, which are influenced by the amount of doping. This is referred to as the thickness tolerance.
The temperature tolerance of a silicon wafer is an essential factor in the fabrication of semiconductors. This property helps manufacturers make the device's components as reliable as possible. However, the temperature of a silicon wafer is extremely sensitive to its orientation. To prevent this problem, the silicon should be rotated before it is cooled. The rotational movement should also be smooth and free of cracks. The polarization orientation of a semiconductor has a great influence on the temperature of the device.
The electrical characteristics of a silicon wafer depend on its orientation. The orientation of a silicon wafer can either be vertical or horizontal. The orientation determines how the silicon wafer is processed. Unlike other semiconductor materials, the orientation of a silicon waveguide determines its physical properties. The polarization of the wafer affects the temperature, as does the polarization of the silicon. The polarization of the semiconductor is also the major factor that determines the electrical properties of a silicon 'wafer'.
There are several types of silicon wafers. The three most common are Czochralski-grown silicon, Float-zone-grown crystalline, and intrinsic silicon. Among these, Czochralski-grown is the most common. Its other varieties are etched, and single-sided polished silicon. All of these types are highly desirable for a variety of applications. Inseto is one of the few companies that stocks and supplies virgin silicon wafer in the industry.
During the heating and cooling process, a silicon wafer will always be hotter outside than inside. This is called thermal expansion. The heat transferred between the outer and inner parts of the specimen will cause different levels of stress, whereas the elasticity of a silicon wafer is proportional to its resistance. The difference between the two types of silicon will affect the electrical properties of a device. The insulator in the device must be able to withstand both of these types of heat.
The type of silicon wafer affects the electrical properties of the silicon wafer. An intrinsic, or pure, silicon wafer will not have a dominant element, while a P-type will have a dominant electron. Despite these differences, both types are suitable for semiconductor applications. Nevertheless, the quality of the material is the most important factor to be considered in the development process of a semiconductor. Soil-based substrates are ideal for manufacturing electronics, but their size should be compared to the dimensions of the device's components.